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1 Sullivan, Louis Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 3 September 1856 Boston, Massachusetts, USAd. 14 April 1924 Chicago, Illinois, USA[br]American architect whose work came to be known as the "Chicago School of Architecture" and who created a new style of architecture suited specifically to steel-frame, high-rise structures.[br]Sullivan, a Bostonian, studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon he joined his parents, who had moved to Chicago, and worked for a while in the office of William Le Baron Jenney, the pioneer of steel-frame construction. After spending some time studying at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, in 1875 Sullivan returned to Chicago, where he later met and worked for the Danish architect Dankmar Adler, who was practising there. In 1881 the two architects became partners, and during the succeeding fifteen years they produced their finest work and the buildings for which Sullivan is especially known.During the early 1880s in Chicago, load-bearing, metal-framework structures that made lofty skyscrapers possible had been developed (see Jenney and Holabird). Louis H.Sullivan initiated building design to stress and complement the metal structure rather than hide it. Moving onwards from H.H.Richardson's treatment of his Marshall Field Wholesale Store in Chicago, Sullivan took the concept several stages further. His first outstanding work, built with Adler in 1886–9, was the Auditorium Building in Chicago. The exterior, in particular, was derived largely from Richardson's Field Store, and the building—now restored—is of bold but simple design, massively built in granite and stone, its form stressing the structure beneath. The architects' reputation was established with this building.The firm of Sullivan \& Adler established itself during the early 1890s, when they built their most famous skyscrapers. Adler was largely responsible for the structure, the acoustics and function, while Sullivan was responsible for the architectural design, concerning himself particularly with the limitation and careful handling of ornament. In 1892 he published his ideas in Ornament in Architecture, where he preached restraint in its quality and disposition. He established himself as a master of design in the building itself, producing a rhythmic simplicity of form, closely related to the structural shape beneath. The two great examples of this successful approach were the Wainwright Building in St Louis, Missouri (1890–1) and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York (1894–5). The Wainwright Building was a ten-storeyed structure built in stone and brick and decorated with terracotta. The vertical line was stressed throughout but especially at the corners, where pilasters were wider. These rose unbroken to an Art Nouveau type of decorative frieze and a deeply projecting cornice above. The thirteen-storeyed Guaranty Building is Sullivan's masterpiece, a simple, bold, finely proportioned and essentially modern structure. The pilaster verticals are even more boldly stressed and decoration is at a minimum. In the twentieth century the almost free-standing supporting pillars on the ground floor have come to be called pilotis. As late as the 1920s, particularly in New York, the architectural style and decoration of skyscrapers remained traditionally eclectic, based chiefly upon Gothic or classical forms; in view of this, Sullivan's Guaranty Building was far ahead of its time.[br]BibliographyArticle by Louis H.Sullivan. Address delivered to architectural students June 1899, published in Canadian Architecture Vol. 18(7):52–3.Further ReadingHugh Morrison, 1962, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture.Willard Connely, 1961, Louis Sullivan as He Lived, New York: Horizon Press.DY -
2 автостоянка
1) General subject: motor-car parking2) Construction: parking area3) Automobile industry: parking4) Architecture: car parking, parking space5) Canadian: parkade6) Ecology: parking lot7) Advertising: park8) Business: parking place9) Travel: car park10) oil&gas: vehicle parking lot -
3 аптечка
1) General subject: medicine box (домашняя), medicine chest, medicine chest (домашняя)2) Naval: ambulance box, drug locker, medical locker, medicine cabinet3) Medicine: basket (определенный набор лекарственных средств, обычно из перечня ПОЛС)4) Engineering: first-aid box5) Architecture: medicine chest (предмет мебели)6) Oil: first aid kit, first aid outfit7) Astronautics: first-aid kit8) Canadian: first aider9) Travel: first aid box10) Polymers: kit (ремонтная)11) Chemical weapons: medical kit12) Aviation medicine: first-aid set13) Mountain climbing: first aid kit (медицинская) -
4 глушь
1) General subject: armpit, back country, back-country, backs, backwater, boondocks, lonely spot, nook, solitude, stick, the back of beyond, the heart of the country, thicket, wilderness, neck of the woods2) Colloquial: (обыкн. the boondocks)(употр. с глаголом во мн.ч.) boondocks3) Poetical language: desert4) Australian slang: backblocks, scrub5) Architecture: back blocks, outback7) South African slang: backveld8) Canadian: concession9) Makarov: back district, back of beyond, depth of the country, the depth of the country -
5 диван-кровать
1) General subject: convertible, devonport, sofa bed, studio couch2) American: davenport3) Engineering: bed-settee4) Architecture: divan-bed, studio coach5) Forestry: articulated bed, convertible couch, dual-purpose bed, dual-purpose sleeping unit6) Canadian: chesterbed7) Advertising: convertible sofa8) Education: pull-out bed -
6 женская школа
1) Architecture: girls' school2) Jargon: fem-sem, hen-pen (особенно частная)3) Education: all-girls school (только для девочек - Canadian English) -
7 мужская школа
1) Architecture: boys' school2) Education: all-boys school (только для мальчиков - Canadian English) -
8 мусорное ведро
1) General subject: bin2) Naval: ash bucket3) Engineering: dustbin4) Architecture: rubbish-bin, waste-bin5) Jargon: gash bucket6) Canadian: (на кухне) garbage pail7) Travel: garbage can, trash can8) Makarov: refuse bin -
9 мусорный бак
1) Construction: garbage can, refuse bin, waste bin2) Architecture: trash-can3) Canadian: trashcan (- residential garbage can)4) Ecology: bin, street litter bin5) Makarov: dustbin -
10 проезд
1) General subject: bottleneck, dr, driveway, passage, passway, thoroughfare, transit, back alley (сзади торговой улицы, по которому подвозят товары, продукты; иногда с местами для стоянки машин), transportation (статья расходов)2) Military: travelway4) Construction: access (к зданию), aisleway, areaway, minor street, passage (между зданиями), residential road (в жилой зоне), runway, secondary street (в микрорайоне), tertiary street (в микрорайоне), thoroughfare (общего пользования)6) Law: travel8) Architecture: drive-through (напр. между зданиями), passage (напр. между зданиями), passing through9) Road works: trafficway10) Oil: travel (tickets) (as referenced in company budget) (в формате бюджета)11) Astronautics: access12) Canadian: laneway (позади жилых домов или торговой улицы, по которому подвозят товары, продукты; иногда с местами для стоянки машин: walk up a long laneway between buildings)13) Drilling: way14) Sakhalin energy glossary: access way15) Makarov: aisle (между рядами автомобилей на стоянке), lane (на заводе) -
11 торговый центр
1) General subject: emporium, hypermarket (обыкн. в пригороде), one-stop department store, shopping centre, shopping malls, shopping precinct, strip mall (магазины, рестораны и конторы выстроены в ряд и выходят на автомобильную стоянку), mart, ТЦ2) American: forum shopping, shopping plaza (обыкн. с прилегающей площадкой для стоянки и автомобилей)3) Construction: mercantile center, variety store (с торговой площадью от 200 до 15000 м2)4) Law: trade centre, trading centre5) Trade: outlet center6) Economy: buying center, giant market, shopping center7) Architecture: mall (так называемый "молл", по сути - пешеходная аллея, иногда крытая, по сторонам которой расположены магазины, рестораны, кафе и т.п.)8) Sociology: business center, commercial center9) Canadian: plaza10) Business: business district, commercial centre, sales centre, trade center, retail centre
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